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History of earth and life sciences; science in eighteenth- and nineteenth century Europe; the historical relations of scientific and religious practices; the construction of a prehuman history the of Earth. Author of The Meaning of Fossils: Episodes in the History of Paleontology (1972), The Great Devonian Controversy: The Shaping of Scientific Knowledge among Gentlemanly Specialists (1985), Scenes from Deep Time: Early Pictorial Representations of the Prehistoric World (1992), Georges Cuvier, Fossil Bones and Geological Catastrophes (1997), and Bursting the Limits of Time: The Reconstruction of Geohistory in the Age of Revolution (2005, in press). Many of his articles on early nineteenth century geology are reprinted in The New science of Geology: Studies in the Earth Sciences in the Age of Revolution (2004), and Lyell and Darwin, Geologists: Studies in the Earth Sciences in the Age of Reform (2005, in press).